What's the Difference Between ESL, EFL, ESOL, TESOL, TEFL, ESP, and EAP? (And Should You Care?)7/26/2025
By Hadi Golkar Master’s in Applied Linguistics If you’re learning or teaching English, you’ve probably seen these short forms—ESL, EFL, TEFL, TESOL, ESP. They’re everywhere! But what do they stand for? And and how are they different? In this post, we’ll explain each one clearly and simply—so you finally know which is which, and why they matter. We’ll also cover other terms you might come across, including ESOL, EAP, ELL, ELT, and more—giving you a complete guide to the most common English language teaching and learning abbreviations. Let’s begin with the two most commonly used terms. 1. ESL vs. EFL – It All Depends on Where You’re Learning English ESL (English as a Second Language) and EFL (English as a Foreign Language). ESL is what we call it when someone is learning English in an English-speaking country—think students from Korea, Brazil, or Turkey who move to the U.S., the U.K., or Australia and need English to live, work, or survive grocery shopping. EFL, on the other hand, is used when someone is learning English in a non-English-speaking country. Key difference? It’s all about environment. ESL learners are immersed in English daily; EFL learners aren’t. It’s like learning to swim by jumping in the ocean vs. reading a manual on dry land. What about ESOL? ESOL stands for English for Speakers of Other Languages. Similar to ESL, it refers to English classes for people living in English-speaking countries, but the term is more commonly used in public education and adult learning programs outside the U.S., especially in the UK.  2. TESOL vs. TEFL: So You Wanna Teach English? If you're thinking of teaching English, these terms are your new best frenemies. TESOL stands for Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages. It’s the umbrella term. It covers both ESL and EFL teaching. A TESOL-certified teacher might work in Chicago with recent immigrants or in Seoul teaching at a private language school. Think of TESOL as the big umbrella in the world of English teaching—covering any English language learner, anywhere, anytime. TEFL stands for Teaching English as a Foreign Language. It's more specific: it refers to teaching English in a country where English is not the primary language. Teaching business English to adults in Prague or helping elementary kids in Dubai learn the alphabet. So which one should you get certified in? Well, TESOL is often used in academic settings or in the U.S./Canada, while TEFL is the ticket for those looking to teach abroad. 3. ESP: Not a Superpower, Just a Specialization Now let’s talk about ESP—English for Specific Purposes. ESP means teaching English tailored to a specific field or profession. Here are some examples:
ESP is for learners who don’t want to chat about the weather—they want English for getting stuff done in their profession. 4. EAP (ELAP): Should We Talk About It? EAP stands for English for Academic Purposes, also known as ELAP (English Language for Academic Purposes). It’s actually a subcategory of ESP, focused on students who need academic English to survive (and ideally thrive) in English-speaking universities. A student from Saudi Arabia preparing for a Master’s degree in engineering in Canada and trying to understand how to write a “literature review” without getting stuck in Shakespeare. Should we compare ESP and EAP? Only if you’re deep into curriculum design. 5. Other Common English Learning Abbreviations (ELL, EL, ELA, ENL, ELT, EIL, ELD) You’ll also see other abbreviations used mainly in the United States, especially in school systems and education-related job ads. ELL (English Language Learner) and EL (English Learner) refer to students who are actively learning English, and are widely used in U.S. K–12 education. ELA (English Language Arts) describes the general school subject covering reading, writing, and grammar in American curriculums. In some regions like New York, ENL (English as a New Language) is used instead of ESL. On the other hand, ELT (English Language Teaching) is a broader, international term commonly used in academic and professional circles around the world. EIL (English as an International Language) refers to the use of English as a global means of communication, especially between non-native speakers from different language backgrounds. ELD (English Language Development) is often used in U.S. K–12 education to describe structured programs that help English learners build language skills across reading, writing, speaking, and listening—especially when integrated into core subject areas. While similar to ESL, ELD typically refers to curriculum-based instruction aligned with academic standards. Abbreviations That Matter
Whether you're learning, teaching, exploring the field, or just trying to impress someone at a conference, understanding these terms helps you navigate the world of English language education—complete with its own unique terminology. Now, go ahead and throw one of these acronyms into your next conversation. Just be careful with ESP—someone might mistake you for a fortune teller (Extrasensory Perception) instead of a language teacher! * Copyright Notice: You may use this post with proper credit and a direct link to the original page.
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By Hadi Golkar
Master’s in Applied Linguistics First things first: despite a common misconception, Iran is not an Arab country. It is a Persian-speaking nation with a rich history that long predates the arrival of Islam. The great Iranian civilization has made remarkable contributions to art, science, and culture over thousands of years. While Arabic is the official language of many countries in the Arab world, Persian (Farsi) is the official language of Iran, and its different varieties are also spoken in parts of Afghanistan and Tajikistan. Yet many people still confuse Persian with Arabic and wonder whether Iranians speak Arabic simply because Iran is located in the Middle East. This common misconception can be both amusing and enlightening to clear up. In this article, we’ll explore the fascinating differences between Persian (Farsi) and Arabic—two languages with rich and distinct cultural legacies. Some say Persian sounds like poetry set to music, while Arabic feels like a rhythmic drumbeat: powerful, expressive, and bold in every conversation. The Alphabet: Similar Looks, Different Sounds At first glance, Persian and Arabic writing systems may look similar, which is why many people assume they are the same. Persian uses a modified version of the Arabic script that has been adapted for Persian sounds and pronunciation. As a result, the two alphabets share many letters, but they are not identical. Arabic has 28 letters, while Persian (Farsi) has 32, including additional characters that do not exist in Arabic. Persian includes four extra letters to accommodate sounds that don’t exist in Arabic: "پ" (p), "چ" (ch), "ژ" (zh), and "گ" (g).
In short, Persian adapted the Arabic script to fit its own sounds, creating a system that looks similar but works differently.
Why Persian and Arabic Work So Differently When it comes to grammar and sentence structure, Persian and Arabic work in completely different ways. In practical terms, this means that knowing one does not help you automatically understand the other. Persian belongs to the Indo-European language family, which is why its basic sentence patterns often feel more familiar to English speakers. For example, Persian uses simpler verb forms and word order that resemble European languages in many ways. Arabic, by contrast, belongs to the Semitic family and relies on a root-based system that creates words by changing internal patterns—something most English learners find very different at first. So even though the two languages may look similar in writing, they function very differently once you start reading, speaking, or learning them. In Persian, verbs generally come at the end of the sentence. For example:
Persian verb conjugation is relatively straightforward compared to Arabic. Persian verbs change form based on tense (present, past, future) and aspect (simple, continuous, perfect). For example:
Now, let’s sprinkle in a little humor. Imagine going to Iran and greeting someone with "Marhaba" (hello in Arabic) instead of "Salam" (hello in Persian). You might get a polite smile, but it’s like walking into a French bakery and asking for a burrito. Language and Identity: Language is a significant part of cultural identity. Persian poetry, with luminaries like Rumi and Hafez, has a profound influence on Persian culture. Their works have transcended borders, influencing not only Iran's neighboring countries but also literary traditions around the world. A well-known verse by Rumi: هر کسی از ظن خود شد یار من از درون من نجست اسرار من "Everyone became my friend from their own perspective None sought out my secrets from within me." A celebrated couplet by Hafez: دوش وقت سحر از غصه نجاتم دادند واندر آن ظلمت شب آب حیاتم دادند "Last night, at dawn, they delivered me from sorrow And in that darkness of the night, they gave me the water of life." Arabic, with its classical and modern literary tradition, has shaped the Arab world in countless ways. Each language carries the soul of its people, their history, and their worldview. All of these differences—script, grammar, sound, and culture—show why Persian and Arabic should never be treated as the same language. Final Thoughts Understanding the differences between Persian (Farsi) and Arabic helps you see the Middle East and its neighboring regions with greater clarity and appreciation. The next time you hear someone mix the two up, you’ll be able to set the record straight—politely, confidently, and with a smile. Persian is the language of Iran, with its own structure, sound, and identity, while Arabic is the main language of the Arab world, equally rich and expressive in its own way. Learning the difference isn’t just about language—it’s about respecting history, culture, and the people who speak it. * Copyright Notice: You may use this post provided you include the source and a URL link to the page. Click Here for Persian Classes
By Hadi Golkar
Master’s in Applied Linguistics  Ferdowsi, the author of Shahnameh ("Book of Kings"), the greatest epic poem.
It is actually a legitimate question. So, let's go ahead and break it down. You have frequently noticed that some people in academia, businesses, or for job postings call it Farsi or Persian Farsi. Some folks go even further, and in order to find the right speakers of the language for their own purposes and needs, try to shed more light on it, customize it a little bit more and suggest it as Iranian Farsi! Although you might say this last combination seems to clarify what we’re trying to say, it is not recommended at all! Still confusing, I know! Bear with me. So, what is finally the correct way to say it? Okay, let's put it this way: What do you call the language which is spoken in Italy? Of course you know it, it is called Italian. But how do people in Italy actually name their own language? If you are curious to know, they call it Italiano (or Italiana). Now, if you are in Italy, you should definitely use the word Italiano. But if you are in the United States, you call it Italian because this is how we use the word in English, right? Even an Italian does the same if they live here in the States, and they would tell you: I speak Italian, not Italiano, makes sense? So, by the same token, people in Iran call the language "Farsi", not Persian while they are in Iran, but the same people, if they live in an English-speaking country, they call it, or better say, they should call it "Persian" as it is the English word for Farsi, and so should we when we refer to the language that is spoken in Iran.
Your next legitimate question: But I have heard many Iranian nationals in the States or in the west who call it Farsi, how come? And you heard it right. Since it is widely spoken in social media and especially with the globalization in place, they may do so. However, if you want to articulate it in an official/academic setting or in an article, a book, or in a presentation, "Persian" is the right word.
On the other hand, Iranians are very sensitive to what they call the "correct" way, that is the word Persian, outside of Iran for two main reasons: First, it goes back to the great civilization they rightly cherish at the time when their great empire was called "Persia" and the language named after it as Persian, and that is why we now use the word "Persian" in English. Second, it distinguishes Persian from other versions of the Farsi language as it is spoken in Afghanistan which is called "Dari' or some prefer to say "Farsi Dari", or what is spoken in Tajikistan called "Tajiki". People in these three countries may understand each other, for the most part, but the three variants of the language are differentiated from each other by sentence structure, dialect, vocabulary usage and even verb conjugation. So, if you just call the language "Farsi", it may not be that clear which specific region you are referring to; however, expressing the word as "Persian" precisely indicates the language which is spoken in Iran.
And last but not least, you might have noticed, mainly in some history books, the word Persia for the name of the country and you are wondering what you should call it Iran or Persia. The answer is one word, Iran. It was back in 1935 that Reza Shah, the then king of Iran, while celebrating Nowruz [nəu'ru:z], the Iranian New Year (also celebrated in Afghanistan and Tajikistan), asked foreign delegates to call the country "Iran" in formal correspondence. Since then, the official name of the country was determined to be Iran and all Iranians honor this and use it proudly as their country of origin around the globe.
* Copyright notice: You may use this post provided you include the source and a URL link to the page.
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